We speculate that downregulation of HIF-1 via the mTOR1 pathway or alleviation of the hypoxic microenvironment may attenuate the Warburg effect, impede T cell differentiation, inhibit glycolytic metabolism, and modulate inflammatory and immune responses in AID patients such as SLE
2018;172:409-422.e21
Methods A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science databases from the inception up February 2020
Oxidative stress is the imbalance between free radicals and the body's antioxidant reserves
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1754492 Received 26 November 2025 Revised 20 December 2025 Accepted 24 December 2025 Published 21 January 2026 Volume 12 - 2025 Edited by Javier Diaz-Castro, University of Granada, Spain Reviewed by Mahsa Rezazadegan, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Soroush Taherkhani, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Updates Copyright 2026 Poon, Li, Schweitzer and Akefe
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