These conditions digestive conditions, such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis autoimmune conditions, such as celiac disease and type 1 diabetes genetic conditions, such as inherited intrinsic factor deficiency and inherited transcobalamin deficiency chronic pancreatic disease pernicious anemia vitiligo Other factors that may lead to a vitamin B12 deficiency can include drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or using certain drugs, such as some heartburn medicines and metformin
doi: 10.3389/frabi.2026.1767028 Received 13 December 2025 Revised 23 January 2026 Accepted 27 January 2026 Published 24 February 2026 Volume 5 - 2026 Edited by Manuel Gerardo Ballesteros Monrreal, University of Sonora, Mexico Reviewed by Anjna Kumari, Panjab University, India Madalina Adriana Bordea, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Romania Updates Copyright 2026 Debta, Sahu, Patra, Debta, Mishra and Panda
With age, the natural concentration of GHK-Cu declines, leading to slower collagen production and a weaker skin barrier
Advanced Protocol Optimization Monitoring Progress Effectively Objective progress tracking dramatically improves treatment adherence and outcome assessment for both GHK-Cu and minoxidil protocols
Journal of Clinical Investigation , 122 , 545552
Mar 19 2024;14(3):e076444
