Figure 3 5 Vitamin D in specific kidney diseases: mechanisms and clinical implications 5.1 Acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rapidly developing clinical syndrome with poor outcomes, which affects approximately 20% of hospitalized patients ( Epidemiological studies have shown that low serum 25(OH)D levels significantly increase the risk of AKI and dialysis demand ( Mechanistically, vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects via VDR-mediated suppression of TLR signaling, induction of Treg expansion, and downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- and IL-6
Staresinic, M., Sebecic, B., Patrlj, L., Jadrijevic, S., Suknaic, S., Perovic, D., Aralica, G., Zarkovic, N., Borovic, S., Srdjak, M., Hajdarevic, K., Kopljar, M., Batelja, L., Boban-Blagaic, A., Turcic, I., Anic, T., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P
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Beta-carotene:A water-soluble precursor of vitamin A, beta-carotene is another important antioxidant for the body
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60 (1), 117
Some human clinical studies also suggest that this synthetic pineal peptide Epitalon also modulates the blood levels of gonadotropins
