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4.) Dispersal stage: The biofilm gradually disperses into cell clusters mainly composed of yeast-like cells that have split from the hyphae, spreading to new locations to promote the spread of infection

It helps inhibit excess melanin production while supporting collagen synthesis, leaving skin looking clearer, smoother, and more refined

Measurement of iron concentration The intracellular iron concentration was quantified using a Total Iron Content Colorimetric Assay Kit (Applygen #E1042, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturers instructions

Gastroenterology 131 , 259271 (2006)

PMC 6791878

Future investigations should delve deeper into the immune regulatory mechanisms of PSA and PAGln in specific infection models (e.g., pneumonia) and their functional interplay in the context of host-microbiota interactions