doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1587432 Received 05 March 2025 Accepted 17 September 2025 Published 23 October 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Antonio Narzisi, Stella Maris Foundation (IRCCS), Italy Reviewed by Stefano Marini, Independent Researcher, Termoli, Italy Yitzchak Frank, Mount Sinai Hospital, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Wang and Sun
As one of the basic structural substances constituting the immune system, amino acids contribute to the development of immune organs, the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, and the secretion of cytokines, all of which regulate the immune response ( Serine, including D-serine and L-serine, is known as non-essential amino acid (NEAA), which is synthesized in the body from glycine and 3-phosphoglyceric acid (Wolosker, 2018)
A study investigated the relationship between hepatic diseases and psychiatric symptoms, focusing on the prevalence and impact of mental health disorders in hospitalized cirrhosis patients in the United States from 2002 to 2014 and found that 37% of cirrhosis patients had a mental illness diagnosis, with prevalence rising from 22.6% in 2002 to 54.1% in 2014
This process leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-, IL-12 and IL-23 [44, 45]
IV Treatments IV Vitamin Therapy is the fastest and most effective way to hydrate, rehydrate, and infuse the body with important nutrients when a loss of fluids and vitamin depletion occurs from athletics, illness, traveling (jet lag), alcohol overconsumption, and more
Beta-glucans stimulate immune cell receptors and help them recognise threats better
