Systematic reviews identify 36 studies demonstrating that BPC-157 improves functional, structural, and biomechanical outcomes across muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries in preclinical models, with the peptide enhancing collagen synthesis, improving tensile strength, and accelerating cellular proliferation in tendon fibroblasts through FAK-paxillin pathway activation critical for cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival
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NAD+ supports mitochondrial function and DNA repair across all cell types, including neurons
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Gut 2003
Similar improvements in functional and histological healing have been reported across independent rat ligament- and muscle-injury models, synthesized in a 2025 systematic review