When absorption is impaired due to a diagnosed condition such as pernicious anaemia, injections are generally the preferred and more effective option
Accessed August 21, 2025
Stanislavov R, Rohdewald P
What Clinicians and Patients Should Do With This Information Three actionable points follow from the evidence above
This includes confirmed low serum vitamin B12 levels, pernicious anaemia, malabsorption states such as coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or post-gastric or bariatric surgery, unexplained anaemia, neuropathy or neurological symptoms consistent with vitamin B12 deficiency, a long-term vegan diet with symptoms or low levels, or failure of oral vitamin B12 supplementation
BPC 157 rescued NSAID-cytotoxicity via stabilizing intestinal permeability and enhancing cytoprotection