B.MadhavanL.ZhangD
When administered, it slows gastric emptying, reduces hunger, and helps modulate post-meal glucose levels
Y.AhmadI
Key Points The growth hormone (GH)insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis consists of central neuro-anatomical, regulatory and genetic systems, and the peripheral intracellular GH signalling pathway The introduction of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in 1985 ended the phase of pituitary-derived human growth hormone (hGH) and its associated limitations and risks, opening the possibility of widespread clinical use GH deficiency (GHD) is a syndrome with many different causes and is associated with alterations in growth, body composition and metabolism In some non-GHD short stature disorders, rhGH has been proved effective and is used as a surrogate for the currently unknown, pathophysiologically appropriate treatment Risks of hGH therapy might relate to its direct effects on growth, its anti-insulin action and its cell-proliferating activity
Z.YingX
In a first part, I discuss biological issues related to the persistence of microbial antigens, dysregulated immune responses, reactivation of latent viruses, different potential self-sustained inflammatory loops, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disorders in the tryptophan- kynurenin pathway (TKP) with impact on serotonin, and consequences of a dysfunctional bidirectional microbiota-gut-brain axis