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PMID: 16352683

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063966 199 ZhouWTangZLiYLuLBiTZhanL

This hormone helps control reproduction

In the gut specifically, KPV is absorbed through a dedicated intestinal transporter (PepT1), allowing it to calm inflammation directly inside epithelial cells

While no clinical trials have examined BPC-157 for hip conditions directly, extensive preclinical work on tendons, ligaments, and muscles provides strong mechanistic support for its application to hip problems

These improvements were linked to changes in brain tissue, where certain genes involved in blood vessel growth and brain protection became more active, which may explain how healing happened