The primary molecular actions relevant to skin are: modulation of TGF- signaling (upregulating TGF-1 for collagen I/III synthesis while suppressing TGF-2 to prevent scarring), decorin upregulation for orderly collagen fibril assembly, MMP suppression paired with TIMP upregulation to preserve ECM integrity, and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase activation for collagen crosslinking
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Vitamin B12: Energy, Nerves & Red Blood Cells Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is essential for red blood cell formation , oxygen delivery , DNA synthesis, and healthy nerve function
Although these results are limited to in vitro evaluation, it highlights previously unknown functions of distinct microbes in influencing the formation of pathogenic fibrils (Figure 2A)
Unlike other forms of B12 supplementation, such as oral supplements or fortified foods, injections have several advantages
It is currently implemented as a second-line diabetes medication, similar to GLP-1 medications, and has been used for obesity treatment
