Loss of TGH/Ces3 in mice decreases blood lipids, improves glucose tolerance, and increases energy expenditure
Pills are best for convenience, affordability, and patients with no absorption challenges
Self-administered B12 shots are generally recommended for individuals: whose bloodwork has documented low B12 levels Patients with pernicious anemia or a lack of intrinsic factor Individuals with Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or post-bariatric surgery malabsorption Vegans and strict vegetarians are unable to correct the deficiency through diet Older adults whose stomach acid production has declined with age Anyone on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors Across most of the U.S., injectable B12 is not sold over the counter a clinician has to write the script before a pharmacy can dispense it
Boeszoermenyi, A
The benefit comes from replacing whats missing, not from extra B12 on top of normal levels
As of April 21, 2026, regulatory status for many peptides remains under review and may change as additional data and guidance become available
