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Remove The Needle: Use a clean cotton ball or gauze pad to apply pressure to the injection site after the needle has been withdrawn at the same angle

*American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, 44(2), 291-296

Importantly, functional B12 deficiency can sometimes coexist with high total B12 levels, especially in kidney disease, and may require additional testing with methylmalonic acid (MMA) or holotranscobalamin if deficiency is suspected clinically

One study found that although the levels of B12 in the blood were normal in people with MS, the levels in their cerebrospinal fluid were lower than usual, although the reason for this difference was not clear

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