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Mast cell activation leads to the release of specific inflammatory mediators such as TNF-, IL-1, IL-8, IL-33, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL5, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), ROS, substance P (SP), stem cell factor (SCF), nerve growth factor (NGF), dopamine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), neurotensin, histamine, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), leukotrienes (LTs), proteases tryptase and chymase based upon the type of mast cells and type of stimuli in the tissues (Gilfillan et al., 2011
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& Costanzo, V
A., Kraunsoe, J
Drugs and Reagents Dihexa and wortmannin were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA)