The concentrations of extracted proteins were determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific, USA)
4.5 Macrophages Macrophages sense HBV infection mainly through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLR4, TLR2, and other DNA sensors like cGAS-STING that detect viral components, HBV DNA, HBsAg, and core proteins (80)
MOTS-C is investigated in preclinical research for its role in metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and AMPK-dependent signaling at the cellular level
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ATCC, American Type Culture Collection, United States