One meta-analysis found that glutamate is reduced and glutamine is increased in the ACC in patients with schizophrenia, and both decrease more markedly with age in patients [38]
Abbreviations GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate HPA: Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal AUDs: Alcohol use disorders MDD: Major depressive disorder CBT: Cognitive-behavioral therapy IL-6: Interleukin-6 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging PET: Positron emission tomography SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ROS: Reactive oxygen species ADH: Alcohol dehydrogenase ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase SOD: Superoxide dismutase NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta LTP: Long-term potentiation LTD: Long-term depression NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase P38 MAPK: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase CREB: CAMP response element-binding protein ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase NGF: Nerve growth factor NT-3: Neurotrophin-3 SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids FasL: Fas ligand DISC: Death-inducing signaling complex ER: Endoplasmic reticulum UPR: Unfolded protein response CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein AMPA: Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid CaMKII: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging NE: Norepinephrine References Adams C, Conigrave JH, Lewohl J, Haber P, Morley KC (2020) Alcohol use disorder and circulating cytokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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PUFAs, serving as the primary substrates for lipid metabolism in ferroptosis, especially arachidonic acid (AA) and adrenaline, are converted into PUFA-PE through the action of acyl-CoA synthetase long chain member 4 (ACSL4) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3)
