Based on their role, several distinct subsets of macrophages have been defined: (1) classically activated macrophages ( M1 ) which mediate antimicrobial defense via secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (2) alternatively activated macrophages ( M2 ) with anti-inflammatory function, (3) regulatory macrophages ( Mregs ) which secrete large amounts of IL10, (4) tumor-associated macrophages ( TAMs ) which suppress anti-tumor immunity, and finally (5) myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ) as a group of immature cells linked to TAMs [125]
We propose that cigarette smoking impairs immunosuppressive function of Tregs by reducing the number of suppressive Tregs or increasing the prevalence of non-suppressive Tregs, leading to an enhanced autoimmune component in COPD pathogenesis, while increased Treg numbers may occur in some smokers under circumstances, leading to worsened respiratory infections
Dimensions Length 9.7cm/3.8" Width 7.4cm/2.9" Height 4cm/1.6" Weight 4.8 troy ounces/148g Virtual appointment Available Join our Newsletter
Who are the Major Players in the Global Tobacco Market
Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2007
This can lead to anemia, fatigue, and weakened immune function over time
