effects of cigarette smoking on the circulatory system Cardiovascular Health The biology behind the atherothrombotic

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Respiratory Effects of Cigarette Smoke Airway and Lung Damage Repeated exposure leads to: Chronic irritation of the throat and bronchial tubes Scarring and narrowing of airways Reduced ability to clear mucus and pathogens Over time, this damage can develop into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , including: Chronic bronchitis (persistent cough with mucus) Emphysema (difficulty exhaling due to damaged air sacs) These conditions significantly reduce oxygen delivery to the bloodstream and heart

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The IL6 effect could be mediated through the impact on vasculogenesis 33 , increased and prolonged inflammation, or by IL6-mediated osteolytic effects through osteoblasts and osteoclasts 34

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