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In line with this, it has been observed that cigarette smoke induces the release of TNF- in an in vitro macrophage model system 56 , but others found no increased release of TNF- peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cigarette smoke extracts 57

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Thus there is no apparent ethical justification for anti-smoking measures that push for abstinence rather than switching. The reason for this is that they would have to (a) change their preferences such that smoking has negative net benefits, which certainly does happen (people change their preferences and quit smoking)

IQOS Since there is no burning, the levels of harmful chemicals are significantly reduced compared to cigarette smoke

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