WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 20002025: Fourth edition
Its origins can be traced back to the indigenous people of North America, who chewed tobacco in various forms for medicinal and recreational purposes
First, as a narrative review, it does not follow a systematic review or meta-analytic methodology, which limits the ability to quantify effect sizes or establish causal relationships
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A sizable literature of peer-reviewed academic studies supports these observations.[11] A 2017 study published in Public Finance Review provides the academic theory and estimates for how tax rates affect smuggling, highlighting that easily transportable goods (e.g., cigarettes) will be attractive cross-border shopping items.[12] A 2018 study published in the same journal supported those findings by examining littered packs of cigarettes across 132 communities in 38 states, finding that 21 percent of packs did not have proper local stamps.[13] In addition to high taxes, the study found that bans on flavored cigarettes in Massachusetts and California have sent smuggling to new heights