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Although nicotine is the most commonly known chemical in cigarettes, Diacetyl is a common flavoring chemical that has been known to cause popcorn lung, an irreversible disease that was found in the lungs of popcorn factory workers

Adults living in households making less than $30,000 per year are over-represented among smokers (Figure 28)

However, the mechanistic understanding (summarised in Table 1) of how maternal smoking adversely affects offspring has also been drawn from research using pure nicotine due to the complex confounding variables in humans (Ernst et al., 2001)

Laboratory parameters like metabolic function and renal function were not explored in this analysis