10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x 154
The study shows that nicotine and other compounds directly affect sperm production and maturation through oxidative stress and DNA damage mechanisms
Germany borders markets with lower tobacco prices such as Poland and the Czech Republic, so tax increases may bring both cross-border purchasing and illegal trade risks
As for what users are inhaling, vaping may cause inflammation on the users lungs
Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke
Interestingly, the authors interpret their results in the context of the Bradford Hill criteria for inferring causality (which consider the strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy of an association)