Keywords: Salivary pH, tobacco, unstimulated saliva INTRODUCTION Various clinical and epidemiological evidence have been documented regarding the adverse effects of tobacco on oral health.[1] The adverse effects of cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco are numerous, use of tobacco has been associated with oral mucosa, gingival diseases and dental alterations.[2] Saliva is a complex and important body fluid which is very essential for oral health.[3] Saliva plays a critical role in oral homeostasis because it modulates the ecosystem within the oral cavity.[4] Lubrication of the alimentary bolus, protection against virus, bacteria and fungi, buffer capacity, protection and repair of the oral mucosa and dental remineralization are some of the functions of saliva.[5,6,7] Taking this into account, quantitative and/or qualitative alterations in salivary secretion may lead to local (caries, oral mucositis, candidiasis, oral infections, chewing disorders) or extraoral (dysphagia, halitosis, weight loss) adverse effects.[8,9,10] Resting whole saliva is the mixture of secretions and enter the mouth in the absence of exogenous stimuli.[11] Several studies of resting salivary pH estimate a range of 5.57.9.[12] The pH of saliva is maintained by the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system, phosphate system and protein system.[13] Saliva is the first biological fluid that is exposed to cigarette smoke, containing numerous toxic compositions responsible for structural and functional changes in saliva.[14] Approximately 600 million people use arecanut worldwide in some form and is the fourth most commonly used psychoactive substance.[15] Arecanut contains four major alkaloids: Arecaidine, arecoline, guvacine and guvacoline
This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, vaporizers, e-cigarettes, and marijuana
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Your choice should mirror your previous smoking habit - a heavy smoker may require a higher nicotine level, while a casual smoker might prefer a lower strength
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The participants were shown videos ( depicting the harmful effects that tobacco products have on their body
