Samples were recovered by centrifugation (4500 g for 10 min), washed with 10 mL PBS, re-centrifuged, and aliquots of 100 mg were stored at 80 C until use
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Oxidants = reactive oxygen species (ROS) / free radicals Antioxidants = molecules that neutralise ROS by donating electrons This is fundamentally a REDOX imbalance Free radicals are electron-deficient molecules that: Steal electrons from healthy cells Trigger chain reactions of oxidation Damage: Cell membranes (lipid peroxidation) Proteins (enzyme dysfunction) DNA (accelerated ageing, impaired repair) In SKIN, this translates to: Fine lines & wrinkles Loss of elasticity Pigmentation irregularities Impaired barrier function Chronic inflammation UV radiation ( primary extrinsic ageing factor ) Pollution & cigarette smoke Inflammation (acne, rosacea, dermatitis) Poor sleep & psychological stress Aggressive aesthetic treatments without adequate antioxidant support Antioxidants donate electrons without becoming unstable themselves, effectively terminating free-radical chain reactions and reducing OXIDATIVE STRESS
acute urinary retention (AUR) and the need for surgery either for AUR or deteriorating symptoms [8]
The gradual increase gives the body time to adapt to the stronger receptor activation
If you or your doctor suspect a vitamin or mineral deficiency, both conventional labs and direct-to-consumer companies offer micronutrient blood testing options
