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The published data on how adults feel about needles is unambiguous: 2% of adults experience needle phobia, according to a 2022 international study of 2,098 adults published in PLOS ONE

This approach inspired other programmes: N-hexanoic-Tyr-D-Arg : enkephalin-derived, protease-resistant, studied for pain N-methyl-Aib inclusions : N-methyl substitutions increase membrane permeability at the cost of partial loss of receptor affinity Beta-peptides and D-amino acids : substitution of natural chiral residues by their D enantiomers, making the peptide invisible to endogenous proteases while (sometimes) preserving function Stapled peptides : hydrocarbon cyclisation, popularised by Verdine (Harvard), stabilises alpha helices and improves cellular penetration These strategies progressively shift the peptide / small molecule frontier

Glutathione causes a massive and selective induction of plant defense genes

These neuroprotective effects position BPC 157 as a potential supportive therapy for CNS disorders and brain injuries

Generally lower cost per treatment

We thank the Butterworth and Jafarnejad labs at QUB for providing the U2OS cells and Torin1 compound, respectively